1. Cell Wall Inhibitors: These antibiotics disrupt bacterial cell wall synthesis or integrity, resulting in cell lysis.
Examples: Penicillins (like amoxicillin), Cephalosporins (such as cephalexin), Vancomycin.
2. Protein Synthesis Inhibitors:
Aminoglycosides: They bind to bacterial ribosomes, causing mRNA misreading and halting protein synthesis.
Examples: Streptomycin, Gentamicin.
Tetracyclines: These antibiotics hinder protein synthesis by preventing aminoacyl-tRNA attachment to ribosomes.
Examples: Doxycycline, Tetracycline.
Macrolides: They bind to bacterial ribosomes, hindering translocation and protein synthesis.
Examples: Erythromycin, Azithromycin.
3. DNA Synthesis Inhibitors:
Quinolones/Fluoroquinolones: They target bacterial DNA gyrase/topoisomerase IV, impeding DNA replication and repair.
Examples: Ciprofloxacin, Levofloxacin.
Metronidazole: This antibiotic disrupts microbial DNA by causing DNA strand breaks, leading to cell death.
Example: Metronidazole.
4. Folate Synthesis Inhibitors: These antibiotics interfere with folate synthesis, essential for bacterial DNA synthesis.
Sulfonamides: They inhibit dihydropteroate synthase, a folate synthesis enzyme.
Examples: Sulfamethoxazole.
Trimethoprim: It inhibits dihydrofolate reductase, another enzyme crucial for folate synthesis.
Example: Trimethoprim.
5. Cell Membrane Disruptors: These antibiotics disrupt bacterial cell membranes.
Polymyxins: They interact with Gram-negative bacterial outer membrane lipopolysaccharides, leading to membrane disruption.
Example: Polymyxin B, Colistin.
6. RNA Polymerase Inhibitors: These antibiotics inhibit bacterial RNA polymerase, blocking transcription.
Rifampin: It inhibits bacterial RNA polymerase activity, thereby halting RNA synthesis.
Example: Rifampin.
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