Historiansplaining
Historiansplaining
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The Impossible City: The History of Venice -- pt. 1: From Asylum to Empire
We trace the tortuous path by which a scattering of villages in a marshy lagoon, founded by refugees from violence and political breakdown, forged their own stable and cohesive independent republic which would last for a thousand years, and with it a splendrous city where East and West mingled, a sprawling trade network linking Europe, the Middle East, and Asia, and finally a waterborne empire that was the forerunner of the modern European colonial states.
Image: Detail of a woodcut illustration showing a view of Venice, by Reuwich & Schoffer, 1486.
Suggested Further Reading: Morris, "The Venetian Empire: A Sea Voyage"; Madden, "Venice: A New History"; Ferrarro, "Venice: A History of the Floating City."
Please sign on as a patron to hear patron-only tracks, such as the series on the Epic of Gilgamesh: www.patreon.com/c/user?u=5530632
Переглядів: 168

Відео

Teaser: Myth of the Month 24: The Epic of Gilgamesh -- pt. 2: Analysis
Переглядів 7014 днів тому
A randomly-chosen sample from the deepest most thorough analysis that you can find anywhere of the profoundly ancient Epic of Gilgamesh, on patreon for patrons only for one year: We examine the Epic of Gilgamesh as a piece of literature, for its strange dream-like style and form, its points of similarity to Biblical and ancient Greek and European mythology, and finally, its deep levels of psych...
Teaser: Myth of the Month 24: The Epic of Gilgamesh -- pt. 1: The History
Переглядів 12821 день тому
Two randomly selected excerpts from Myth of the Month 24, on the Epic of Gilgamesh: He is the earliest human being whose name and life story are known to history. We examine the origins and contents of the most ancient narrative ever found anywhere on Earth, and trace how it has been rediscovered, re-used, and re-translated in the modern world, becoming a living and evolving text in a time of a...
UNLOCKED: Origins of the First World War, pt. 6: Germany
Переглядів 432Місяць тому
Unlocked after 1 year for patrons only: We consider the turbulent history and politics of the country most often blamed for the outbreak of the First World War Germany. The youngest of all the combatant nations in World War I, The German Reich's deep class, regional, and religious divides drove Kaiser Wilhelm and his inner circle to seek national aggrandizement abroad as a source of unity at ho...
Creating the Caribbean: The Colonial West Indies -- pt. 2: The High Plantation Period, 1697-1791
Переглядів 297Місяць тому
We examine the complex and tumultuous history of the lands around the Caribbean basin, including the rise of the massive sugar-plantation colonies of Jamaica and Saint Domingue, which depended upon an enormous traffic in enslaved African workers, the emergence of distinctive creole languages and spiritual practices, the flourishing of piracy amidst inter-imperial wars, and the long struggle of ...
History of the United States in 100 Objects -- 23: The Touro Synagogue Torah Finials
Переглядів 1442 місяці тому
We examine the tumultuous history from the Portuguese Inquisition to the American Revolution to modern-day multi-million-dollar legal fights surrounding a pair of rare colonial Jewish ceremonial artworks called "rimonim" or Torah finials. We consider the unique life and career of the Jewish silversmith who made them, and the symbolism that they encode, centering on life, hope, and regeneration....
Red, White & Royal Blue: A Historian's Analysis, pt. 2: The Romance of RWRB
Переглядів 11 тис.2 місяці тому
In anticipation of the announced sequel, we continue our analysis of the recent gay romance on the international theme, "Red, White, and Royal Blue" this time assembling the clues to reconstruct the personalities and (often dark) psyches of the two main characters, their differing ways of showing their attraction, and the reasons both for the rupture in their relationship and for its eventual s...
Teaser: Doorways in Time, pt. 8 -- The Dead Sea Scrolls
Переглядів 1053 місяці тому
Sign up as a patron at any level to hear this full lecture on the Dead Sea Scrolls, on patreon for patrons only: www.patreon.com/posts/doorways-in-time-109054869 The most massive and momentous manuscript discovery of modern times, the Dead Sea Scrolls blew the lid off of the long-mysterious world of messianic and apocalyptic ferment before the destruction of the Second Temple-yet it took decade...
Origins of the First World War, pt. 14 -- Conclusions: Was the Great War Inevitable?
Переглядів 5134 місяці тому
[audio lecture] To conclude our series on the origins of World War I, we trace how combat broke out on three different continents in the late summer and fall of 1914, and then examine the various real and imagined causes of the Great War, from the Anglo-German naval rivalry to French revanchism, and finally consider the deeper transformation in the idea of sovereignty in the West that gave a fe...
Origins of the First World War, pt. 14 -- Conclusions: Was the Great War Inevitable?
Переглядів 1144 місяці тому
To conclude our series on the origins of World War I, we trace how combat broke out on three different continents in the late summer and fall of 1914, and then examine the various real and imagined causes of the Great War, from the Anglo-German naval rivalry to French revanchism, and finally consider the deeper transformation in the idea of sovereignty in the West that gave a feud between an ol...
UNLOCKED: Origins of the First World War, pt. 4 -- Bosnia & The Assassination
Переглядів 3564 місяці тому
[Audio Lecture] We consider the rich, often mysterious, and fraught history of Bosnia a longtime borderland of East and West, disputed between rival empires, religions, and civilizations and trace how the politics of this small, mountainous Slavic country set the stage for the assassination of the Archduke Franz Ferdinand in 1914, and in turn, the outbreak of a global war. Image: interior of th...
UNLOCKED: Origins of the First World War, pt. 4 -- Bosnia & the Assassination
Переглядів 414 місяці тому
We consider the rich, often mysterious, and fraught history of Bosnia a longtime borderland of East and West, disputed between rival empires, religions, and civilizations and trace how the politics of this small, mountainous Slavic country set the stage for the assassination of the Archduke Franz Ferdinand in 1914, and in turn, the outbreak of a global war. Image: interior of the "Painted Mosqu...
Update & Teaser: Origins of the First World War -- The July Crisis & The Outbreak of War
Переглядів 2135 місяців тому
We review the diplomatic landscape of Europe on the eve of war in the summer of 1914-and then follow the dizzying cascade of events that followed after the assassination of the Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo on June 28, 1914. We trace on the ensuing crisis that ricocheted through embassies, banquet halls, and barracks all across Europe, and plunged all the great powers of the continent in...
UNLOCKED -- Myth of the Month 22: Culture
Переглядів 4156 місяців тому
[audio lecture] What is "culture"? And how did a metaphor from gardening invade social-science discourse in 19th-century Germany and America and then take the world by storm? Am I doing "podcast culture" right now? We consider the myriad, often contradictory, ways that "culture" is deployed in current rhetoric, usually to sneak in hidden value judgments; then we trace how an ancient Latin term ...
Red, White & Royal Blue: A Historian's Analysis -- pt. 1: The Historical Context of RW&RB
Переглядів 5 тис.6 місяців тому
See this video without ads by signing up here at any level: www.patreon.com/posts/red-white-royal-103674430 We start our detailed analysis of the recent gay romcom, Red White & Royal Blue, by considering the expansive historical background that gives meaning to the fictitious love affair between a British prince and a son of the US President from the constant scrutiny of royals' bodies and love...
Origins of the First World War, pt. 12 -- War Planning & Strategy
Переглядів 5916 місяців тому
Origins of the First World War, pt. 12 War Planning & Strategy
Origins of the First World War, pt. 11 -- The 19th-Century Revolution in Warfare
Переглядів 6247 місяців тому
Origins of the First World War, pt. 11 The 19th-Century Revolution in Warfare
In the American Tempest: Democracy, Conspiracy, and Machine
Переглядів 4057 місяців тому
In the American Tempest: Democracy, Conspiracy, and Machine
Teaser: "Origins of the First World War -- pt. 10: Japan"
Переглядів 1558 місяців тому
Teaser: "Origins of the First World War pt. 10: Japan"
Red, White & Royal Blue: A Historian's Analysis -- Introduction: "I Know I Owe You an Explanation"
Переглядів 6 тис.8 місяців тому
Red, White & Royal Blue: A Historian's Analysis Introduction: "I Know I Owe You an Explanation"
UNLOCKED: The Great Archaeological Discoveries, pt. 6 -- Early Audio Recordings
Переглядів 2889 місяців тому
UNLOCKED: The Great Archaeological Discoveries, pt. 6 Early Audio Recordings
Origins of the First World War, pt. 9 -- Great Britain
Переглядів 6899 місяців тому
Origins of the First World War, pt. 9 Great Britain
2023 in Historical Context: Dividing the Harvest
Переглядів 59710 місяців тому
2023 in Historical Context: Dividing the Harvest
Origins of the First World War, pt. 8 -- France [Audio Lecture]
Переглядів 81710 місяців тому
Origins of the First World War, pt. 8 France [Audio Lecture]
Myth of the Month 23: UFOs (audio lecture)
Переглядів 97111 місяців тому
Myth of the Month 23: UFOs (audio lecture)
Unlocked: History of US in 100 Objects #20 -- Silver Beaker with Devil and Pope Figures
Переглядів 11511 місяців тому
Unlocked: History of US in 100 Objects #20 Silver Beaker with Devil and Pope Figures
Origins of the First World War, pt. 7 -- Belgium & Luxembourg
Переглядів 1 тис.Рік тому
Origins of the First World War, pt. 7 Belgium & Luxembourg
TEASER: Origins of the First World War, pt. 6 -- Germany
Переглядів 283Рік тому
TEASER: Origins of the First World War, pt. 6 Germany
History of the United States in 100 Objects -- 22: Hawaiian Stone Mirror / Kilo Pohaku
Переглядів 281Рік тому
History of the United States in 100 Objects 22: Hawaiian Stone Mirror / Kilo Pohaku
Origins of the First World War, pt. 5 -- Russia
Переглядів 1,6 тис.Рік тому
Origins of the First World War, pt. 5 Russia

КОМЕНТАРІ

  • @grandiane5569
    @grandiane5569 23 години тому

    AND, great topic. Sorry we missed your prompts. Proving again, everything we think we know is wrong ;)

  • @grandiane5569
    @grandiane5569 23 години тому

    Well timed, indeed! Thank you

  • @cornyhorsecornhorsington7522

    Yaaay rad

  • @urbeke
    @urbeke День тому

    Thanks A lot. Verygood presentation and reasoning in your arguments. I have a question. Has anyone estimated how long time it took to produce the manuscript ? .Cheers👌🏼

  • @sandorzoltangergely
    @sandorzoltangergely 2 дні тому

    Jó lenne ha nálunk is eljátszanak a fimet

  • @jonnyd7346
    @jonnyd7346 3 дні тому

    This is amazing. Myself being English Roma,, that this american gorja knows so much. i have respect for this

  • @therealzilch
    @therealzilch 6 днів тому

    Fwiw (not much) my guess is a 15th century fantasy/ hoax. The text is pretty obviously gibberish, constructed with a Cardan grille or similar algorithm. The drawings are a mixture of real representations and fantasy elements, also deliberately cryptic. The supposed resemblance of some drawings to American plants and animals is not persuasive. Why would someone make such a book? For fun and/ or profit. Excellent work, thanks. Cheers from cloudy Vienna, Scott

  • @toppahoppa
    @toppahoppa 6 днів тому

    Have you written any books that I can find?

    • @Historiansplaining
      @Historiansplaining 6 днів тому

      I'm afraid I have not, but I am working on a book proposal now!

    • @toppahoppa
      @toppahoppa 6 днів тому

      @ you explain history so well!

  • @pamelacrobinson1388
    @pamelacrobinson1388 7 днів тому

    I think Henry is the youngest in his family.

    • @ambitionbird
      @ambitionbird 7 днів тому

      He is in the book, but in the beginning of the movie the news program says that Beatrice is the youngest

  • @SKILLIUSCAESAR
    @SKILLIUSCAESAR 9 днів тому

    Really great research summary, now I can’t wait to devour the rest of the playlist!

  • @homeboybernard6426
    @homeboybernard6426 9 днів тому

    Interesting story. Well done ✅

  • @sylviusleonard5144
    @sylviusleonard5144 12 днів тому

    I had an idea based on your theory of witchcraft/midwifery Maybe the symbols represent musical notes and the text is suppsed to be sung as a chant along to the instruction of the book as it's being used for teaching whatever was in the text?

    • @sylviusleonard5144
      @sylviusleonard5144 12 днів тому

      Being music might explain why it has so many patterns and is so similar to language without actually being one, How was music written and recorded in that period in medieval Italy?

    • @Historiansplaining
      @Historiansplaining 12 днів тому

      They used staff notation like we do today. But people sometimes created their own idiosyncratic musical notation systems too. (like in Rossyln Chapel). It's an interesting point though I have no idea whether music phrasing would follow these patterns like Ziph's law.

  • @ZachariahJ
    @ZachariahJ 13 днів тому

    Saw a breakdown of the characters used in the script, and a frequency analysis, and apparently some characters only appear towards the end of lines of text on the page. This shouts out that the whole thing is decorative, and not a coded language. The 'text' is created for visual impact, without meaning. Obs the video went into it a great deal deeper than that! But it made a lot of sense to me. All the hours spent trying to decipher the 'text' could be just chasing rainbows - the 'words' are invented scribbles, meant to look nice - there is no meaning behind them at all.

    • @Historiansplaining
      @Historiansplaining 13 днів тому

      Yes, I think that's a big possibility -- I'm pretty sure I put that forward as most likely hypothesis in pt. 2 -- namely: meaningful images / meaningless text.

    • @ZachariahJ
      @ZachariahJ 13 днів тому

      @@Historiansplaining Wasn't expecting a reply from you! Especially since the video has been out a couple of years! Sorry if you mentioned it in another video - this one just popped up in my recommends because I'd watched a few Voynich vids over the years. I'm not a big follower at all - it is interesting though. Can't recall the channel in which I saw the frequency analysis - had a German sort of name iirc. They didn't out and out say what I said, but as soon as I saw that certain characters appearance depended on where they were ON THE PAGE, as opposed to some sort of typical distribution within the text, just said to me it was all entirely decorative. Think of the thousands of hours that people have spent trying to decode it! Comments under your video say they HAVE decoded it! It is hilarious! ;-)

  • @iancarlson-w8m
    @iancarlson-w8m 16 днів тому

    If you're not gonna show any of the imagery this video doesn't really offer anything(?)

  • @faithdebonilla1204
    @faithdebonilla1204 18 днів тому

    Sounds like "the Jews" think the world needs a reset, or several resets, in order to have their "kingdom", which, maybe not explicitly stated, means claiming the entire planet as their kingdom, hence, world wars, economic crashes, Hannibal Directive, etc.

  • @Historiansplaining
    @Historiansplaining 18 днів тому

    small correction: Gallipoli is about 150 miles from Constantinople

  • @_ruddegar
    @_ruddegar 18 днів тому

    I came for the history, but i stay for the pee jokes. Well done fellas

  • @ricardosam8050
    @ricardosam8050 19 днів тому

    They play that role so great 😮 not one of them is gay shocking 😮 I do love both them hot lads 😊

  • @juanmilano224
    @juanmilano224 19 днів тому

    NOW! Make part 2. Get to work.

    • @juanmilano224
      @juanmilano224 19 днів тому

      never mind. Found it. Why soundcloud and not youtube?

    • @Historiansplaining
      @Historiansplaining 19 днів тому

      Thank you for asking. It is on youtube if you search for it. It seems that for some reason I don't know, youtube made all of my videos that have been uploaded from my RSS feed private, and now I have to go through ad make them public again.

    • @juanmilano224
      @juanmilano224 19 днів тому

      @@Historiansplaining I see. By the way I listened part 2. Excellent. A part 3 would be awsome. Going deep into the technology, weapons, tactics, goods and services, clothing and geography. And of course the logistic and portworks. The minor role of the portuguese. Spanish Corsairs, and so on. Good job!

  • @clockworkmouse8469
    @clockworkmouse8469 21 день тому

    Me not expert, but the second loop on your picture looks like something to do with a volcano and how long and when it happened

  • @MrMartiallen
    @MrMartiallen 21 день тому

    This is a tremendous analysis

  • @joshuabeldo2656
    @joshuabeldo2656 22 дні тому

    Shabtai Tzvi sounds like one of the kings of Shock Value😂😂👀along with Jacob Frank and A. Crowley…

  • @joshuabeldo2656
    @joshuabeldo2656 22 дні тому

    🔥🔥🔥🌙✡️☪️✡️

  • @Gumche.
    @Gumche. 22 дні тому

    omg! your'e a poet with your words, you explained exactly my unrealized thoughts all the 30 something times I have watched this movie. Thank you so much for the effort and time you put in this video. I mean who deep analyzes hyphenated names?? you've got the most eloquent writing and commentary style. I have watched this video twice now and im sure i'il be coming back.

  • @lewisest2528
    @lewisest2528 22 дні тому

    👏🏾 👏🏾 👏🏾

  • @fionadonohoe7535
    @fionadonohoe7535 23 дні тому

    So from Sabbatai to Jacob Frank rhey infiltrated Islam and Catholism....with those core values of dark taboos...very scary

  • @aayusshxp
    @aayusshxp 24 дні тому

    I love your channel and your videos.

  • @thaaahaaa
    @thaaahaaa 25 днів тому

    Love your analysis. I do miss that depth of analysis from my days studying literature and art history. It really helped me understand why it became my go to feel good movie. There is one thing I don't agree with though : I don't regard even the most painfully corny bits of the movie as flaws. I don't believe the movie would be better without them. Cornyness is also symbolism and a certain form of stylization, it is a shortcut to larger pool of meaning. People often look down on it cause it's often a lazy way (in romances) to say love instead of or in addition to showing it, so it can feel too much and superfluous. And cornyness is cliché, It feels paradoxically artificial and simultaneously painfully overly sincere (not unlike the character of Henry...) But I could argue it does a lot in the context of the movie : - Part of the overall balance : it occupies the forefront of the picture because it is obvious and loud but it opens the background to all sorts of depth and complexity without the overall tone becoming too somber and serious. I don't think it takes away anything from the movie, rather it enhances it. - ciments the movie in the tradition of romcoms while being also an opening to subverting some of it's codes. - it's fun, playful and cozy : it's qualities I often miss in other lgbt romances Admittedly I am a die hard fan of everything corny, cheesy and sappy and I'll never stop defending it.

    • @Historiansplaining
      @Historiansplaining 25 днів тому

      Thank you! I should be more precise -- when I say that parts of the movie are "corny" I am not thinking so much of the sappy parts, which I think are well-earned, but more the stilted, forced jokes, like "His Royal Hardness" and "I will Brexit Your Head from Your Body." And maybe Uma's accent.

    • @thaaahaaa
      @thaaahaaa 25 днів тому

      @@Historiansplaining I personally still like those jokes and stilted lines even if they don't always land : they contribute to the playful atmosphere and the romcom-y vibe. As for Uma's accent I am totally seriously convinced it's a deliberate choice from her : it sounds fake and artificial because it's a commentary on how out of place some people think a woman in a position of power is. Or she just wanted to have fun with it wich I am also totally fine with it, also they might not have had the time nor the budget to hire a dialect coach for a side character.

  • @johnnotrealname8168
    @johnnotrealname8168 27 днів тому

    First and I am not fully disagreeing but is this slightly overstating these changes? The nobility did not disappear and their manorial rights were rarely challenged. Indeed in some occasions they were given authority over cities and towns.

    • @Historiansplaining
      @Historiansplaining 25 днів тому

      Yes, that's a debatable question. I would say that privileges like manorial rights were mostly not challenged until 1789, but those rights became less important than other sources of wealth and power, for which commoners could compete. Likewise, the right to sit in parlements & diets remained but they became less powerful vis-a-vis the Crown and administration; similarly, in England the House of Lords remained, but started to be eclipsed by the House of Commons.

    • @johnnotrealname8168
      @johnnotrealname8168 25 днів тому

      @@Historiansplaining Okay Thank You. I was asking because of course you know that Edit: "serfdom remained and prospered arguably." I am aware that the Habsburgs created the bureaucracy to act as a break between the Nobility and peasants (Otherwise the same person owning your land is the person administering Justice.) Edit: "in the mid-to-late-1700s". This lasted until 1849. On the other hand I do know that the relative power of the Nobility and Crown ebbed and flowed as Louis XIV made Parlements under him which was lost when Louis XV took the Throne but then he also shut down Parlements (Of course the new Nobility are those in question but they hampered the collection of taxes from the Old Nobility also.). My point I guess is that Patrimonial rights were ever-present. Thank You for your response again.

  • @RetroBacon1
    @RetroBacon1 27 днів тому

    Love this

  • @Abelya-i5p
    @Abelya-i5p 28 днів тому

    I can barely watch 20 minutes of other video essays, but your 2 hour analysis videos are amazing. Watching your video and rewatching the movie again was so much fun, because I did not notice/know all of these things before. Thank you for the work you put into it. Looking very much forward to pt. 3.

  • @mikakestudios5891
    @mikakestudios5891 28 днів тому

    How did i not see the Lancelot angle?

  • @75Damce
    @75Damce 28 днів тому

    Exceptional work 🎉 I cannot emphasis how much I am looking forward to the next videos!!! 🤩 Thank you ❤

  • @3ln2x
    @3ln2x 28 днів тому

    The true meaning of the Voynich Manuscript, was the friends we made along the way.

  • @mikakestudios5891
    @mikakestudios5891 29 днів тому

    I adore this type of work. Deeply analyzing things that get dismissed just because its popular, or not the right genre. The cinematography is brilliant. Not only making the most of the budget, but really using the space as its own character.

  • @relaxedbro
    @relaxedbro Місяць тому

    👍🏿👍🏿

  • @pamelacrobinson1388
    @pamelacrobinson1388 Місяць тому

    Thank you! I agree with all you said even though I had no realization of much of it! This is why the book & the film were entertaining enough to make me want to read & watch each several times. I encouraged family & friends to watch the film, also.

  • @dj_junta
    @dj_junta Місяць тому

    Thank you for your work, deeply appreciated. Greetings from Portugal

  • @pauloeduardorodriguesneto3027
    @pauloeduardorodriguesneto3027 Місяць тому

    The best podcast i have ever seen. Greetings from Brazil

  • @andymcbandy924
    @andymcbandy924 Місяць тому

    I really appreciate how your lectures provide so much relevant context. Thank you for taking the time to share this.

  • @Jasmine1991forever
    @Jasmine1991forever Місяць тому

    Thank you so much for sharing your scholarship by unlocking this lecture. Nobody can do these lectures like you.

  • @RetroBacon1
    @RetroBacon1 Місяць тому

    Did you upload this twice?

    • @Historiansplaining
      @Historiansplaining Місяць тому

      UA-cam can now be linked to the RSS feed of a podcast, which is convenient, but a side effect is that it re-uploads and duplicates old episodes, which moreover can't be deleted or they just re-upload again automatically, lol

  • @marcusdavenport1590
    @marcusdavenport1590 Місяць тому

    1:39:40 You are wrong about the Chilean Coup...

  • @dj_junta
    @dj_junta Місяць тому

    Excellent as always

  • @pamelabrady7808
    @pamelabrady7808 Місяць тому

    Twas never vulgar,just beautiful

  • @alienlovesong
    @alienlovesong Місяць тому

    On my second rewatch now. Thank you again for these incredibly well researched and illuminating profile essays.

  • @FatalStrategies101
    @FatalStrategies101 Місяць тому

    Thank you so much for sharing your views on this subject! It was great🙏

  • @michaelkrupar9808
    @michaelkrupar9808 Місяць тому

    Excellent! An excellent historical and informative analysis of the background for this wonderful movie. I'm sure most of the lovers of this movie ever went into the depth of your investagative knowledge but it really adds a lot to the character of and meaning of this movie.

  • @michaelkrupar9808
    @michaelkrupar9808 Місяць тому

    This is BRILLIANT! As a RW and RB addict, I LOVE this. Like others, I've lost count of the number of times that I've watched this movie because I know that every time I watch it, there's something new that reveals itself. It's also my "go to" feel good movie whenever I'm feeling "off", or, whenever I have 2 hours to do nothing else except watch and enjoy.

  • @Tarsan97
    @Tarsan97 Місяць тому

    The coin is there that is fact. It is also a fact that vikings got a lot of stuff from New Brunswick are acc. to chief archeologist of the Canadian excavation at confirmed viking site at Lance aux meadows, Birgitta Wallace. So it is not impossible with all this theories of trade, but look at google map. See the sailing routes we know they took. They went close to shores going south and when they see a beach where boats could be pulled up it seem to have been like a magnet to them. It is fascinating also to see how it seem to have gone politics in to this. Like in Canada there is a scepticism it seem to dig out sites where sign of norse presence has been. Because of land managements towards native people and so on. Kind of a not healthy thinking. Like this man here talks about, showing nordic runes all over the place far up to Quebec. ua-cam.com/video/CYb2zAuEKdM/v-deo.htmlsi=-W6RW2EW62mKDjj3