Відео

it get 4 views

Resources & References: - Report Dead Wild Birds to Defra for possible testing: [Report dead wild birds - GOV.UK](www.gov.uk/guidance/report-dead-wild-birds) - [BirdTrack | BTO - British Trust for Ornithology](www.bto.org/our-science/projects/birdtrack) - [Avian Influenza in Wild Birds](experience.arcgis.com/experience/313cd139a753429f8050673f929f344d) - [APHA Interactive Avian Influenza Disease Map](www.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=8cb1883eda5547c6b91b5d5e6aeba90d) - [Mitigation strategy for avian influenza in wild birds in England and Wales - GOV.UK](www.gov.uk/government/publications/mitigation-strategy-for-avian-influenza-in-wild-birds-in-england-and-wales) - Email Natural England about bird flu: [AIreporting@naturalengland.org.uk](mailto:AIreporting@naturalengland.org.uk) - [Scientific Task Force on Avian Influenza and Wild Birds | CMS](www.cms.int/en/workinggroup/scientific-task-force-avian-influenza-and-wild-birds) - Tremlett et al (2024): [Avian Influenza: a major threat to our struggling seabirds](www.rspb.org.uk/birds-and-wildlife/seabird-surveys-project-report) - English Seabird Conservation and Recovery Pathway (ESCaRP): [TIN218 English seabird conservation and recovery pathway, Summary of technical report - TIN218](publications.naturalengland.org.uk/publication/5566002801410048) - Ramsar Wetland Disease Manual: [ramsar.org/sites/default/files/documents/library/rtr7-disease.pdf](www.ramsar.org/sites/default/files/documents/library/rtr7-disease.pdf) - Kuiken & Cromie 2022: [Protect wildlife from livestock diseases | Science](www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adf0956) - [Highly pathogenic avian influenza in wild birds in the United Kingdom in 2022: impacts, planning for future outbreaks, and conservation and research priorities. | BTO - British Trust for Ornithology](www.bto.org/our-science/publications/research-reports/highly-pathogenic-avian-influenza-wild-birds-united) - [Management guidelines: Mitigation and data collection strategies for avian influenza in bird colonies in the Wadden Sea | Wadden Sea](www.waddensea-worldheritage.org/management-guidelines-mitigation-and-data-collection-strategies-avian-influenza-bird-colonies) - Chen et al (2005): [14.7 brief comms am](www.researchgate.net/profile/Gavin-Smith-12/publication/7737623_Avian_flu_H5N1_virus_outbreak_in_migratory_waterfowl/links/02e7e517f1f4da5252000000/Avian-flu-H5N1-virus-outbreak-in-migratory-waterfowl.pdf) - Wang et al (2008): [H5N1 avian influenza re-emergence of Lake Qinghai: phylogenetic and antigenic analyses of the newly isolated viruses and roles of migratory birds in virus circulation - PMC](pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2885753/) - El-Shesheny et al (2017): [Genesis of Influenza A(H5N8) Viruses - PMC](pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5547793/) - Kleyheeg et al (2017): [Deaths among Wild Birds during Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N8) Virus Outbreak, the Netherlands - PMC](pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5708256/) - Kock & Roberts (2023): [Understanding and managing a highly infectious bird flu outbreak among South African coastal seabirds - Stories - Scientific Services - SANParks](www.sanparks.org/conservation/scientific-services/stories/understanding-and-managing-a-highly-infectious-bird-flu-outbreak-among-south-african-coastal-seabirds) - King et al (2024): [Red knots in Europe: a dead end host species or a new niche for highly pathogenic avian influenza? | Microbiology Society](www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/jgv.0.002003) - Jeglinski et al (2024):[HPAIV outbreak triggers short-term colony connectivity in a seabird metapopulation | Scientific Reports](www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-53550-x) - Lane et al (2024): [High pathogenicity avian influenza (H5N1) in Northern Gannets (Morus bassanus): Global spread, clinical signs and demographic consequences - Lane - 2024 - Ibis - Wiley Online Library](onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/ibi.13275) - Plaza et al (2024): [Recent Changes in Patterns of Mammal Infection with Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus Worldwide - Volume 30, Number 3-March 2024 - Emerging Infectious Diseases journal - CDC](wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/30/3/23-1098_article) - Banyard et al (2022): [Detection of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus H5N1 Clade 2.3.4.4b in Great Skuas: A Species of Conservation Concern in Great Britain](www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/14/2/212) - Banyard et al (2024): [Detection and spread of high pathogenicity avian influenza virus H5N1 in the Antarctic Region | Nature Communications](www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-51490-8) - Falchieri et al (2022); [Shift in HPAI infection dynamics causes significant losses in seabird populations across Great Britain](www.researchgate.net/publication/364244044_Shift_in_HPAI_infection_dynamics_causes_significant_losses_in_seabird_populations_across_Great_Britain?enrichId=rgreq-e3b09320851577782f61aa2b26bb26b3-XXX&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzM2NDI0NDA0NDtBUzoxMTQzMTI4MTEwMzc5OTY1N0AxNjY5ODI4NTM3NjAw&el=1_x_3) - Caliendo et al (2024):[Effect of 2020-21 and 2021-22 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5 Epidemics on Wild Birds, the Netherlands - PMC](pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10756359/) - Gamarra-Toledo et al (2023): - [Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) strongly impacts wild birds in Peru - ScienceDirect](www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320723003737) - Knief et al 2024 HPAI Sandwich Terns Europe 2022 Carcass Removal.pdf - [One health](www.who.int/health-topics/one-health) - [One Health - WOAH - World Organisation for Animal Health](www.woah.org/en/what-we-do/global-initiatives/one-health/) - Byrne et al (2023): Byrne et al HPAI genetics 2020-2022.pdf - Caliendo et al (2022): [Transatlantic spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 by wild birds from Europe to North America in 2021 | Scientific Reports](www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-13447-z) - Fusaro et al (2024): [High pathogenic avian influenza A(H5) viruses of clade 2.3.4.4b in Europe-Why trends of virus evolution are more difficult to predict | Virus Evolution | Oxford Academic](academic.oup.com/ve/article/10/1/veae027/7641822?login=false) - Cows in America: [Current H5N1 Bird Flu Situation in Dairy Cows | Bird Flu | CDC](www.cdc.gov/bird-flu/situation-summary/mammals.html)

Question: Are the black eyes in gannets due to dilated pupils, and if so, is there any retinal damage with sun glare. Also why are there not other examples of this colour change link to immunity in other birds? Answer: We actually don’t know what causes the black eye. In order to figure that out, you would need to be able to do a postmortem on a very fresh dead black eyed bird. I’ve seen a few theories but basically nobody knows. They definitely don’t seem to have impaired vision. If they did, I suspect a Gannet with 2 black eyes wouldn’t be able to feed itself properly and they clearly can. There are other questions about what the longer term impacts of the disease might have on surviving individuals, only time and research will tell. There have been observations of ‘cloudy eyes’ in terns and gulls that have survived. There have also been observations of black eyes in large gulls and some owl species : obviously in most birds it would go unnoticed because they already have dark eyes. But the only way to know whether these individuals had the disease is to do a blood test, and that’s not easy to do (and requires lots of licenses etc) so it mostly doesn’t happen and we are left wondering. Interestingly, I did find a case of a woman whose eyes changed colour when she was infected with covid. There’s a lot we don’t know (sorry!) Another thing that has been noticed in swans that survived the virus is a ‘kinked’ neck, and unfortunately we don’t really know what causes that either.

Question: How is the virus usually transferred from bird to bird . Is it airborne and is it more catastrophic in species which nest and congregate in colonies or flocks? Answer: In wild birds, the virus is usually transmitted via faeces. It likes cold water, so it can transmit easily from duck to duck this way. So that is the standard route. Also from a dead bird to a scavenger. But it seems it may be evolving to transmit more in an airborne way via respiratory routes - I’m afraid I’m probably not the best person to ask about those specifics!

Question: Can birds become immune to further infection if they have been infected with it and survived? Answer: Yes they can. We know that individuals from several of the badly affected species have survived and developed a level of immunity. That may be one reason why we did not see impacts here this year. Unfortunately, immune systems are very complicated and there’s a lot we don’t even understand about human immune systems, let alone those of Gannets or Sandwich Terns. We don’t know, for example, how long the immunity will last (remember we need annual boosters for many vaccines) or how much immunity they will have to a different kind of virus. So a lot more to learn and luckily there are people researching this.

Question: Have we got recorded transmission to humans? Answer: There have been cases in humans. Mostly these have been in South and East Asia, in people who had been exposed to large amounts of virus due to living amongst infected birds with no precautions. These had high fatality rates. Then there have recently been these dairy workers in North America that have caught the virus from infected cows. They don’t seem to have been too sick and mainly got conjunctivitis that went away. But there has never been a recorded case of human-to-human transmission. If that happens, it will be all over the news, because it obviously has the potential for a human pandemic.

Question: How is the current situation going with bird flu Answer: Currently in the UK we have very few cases. There was hardly any bird flu in wild birds this summer (huge sigh of relief), but the last few weeks there have been some cases in large gulls and Fulmar which are a bit worrying. These have been H5N5 not the H5N1 we are most worried about, but you never know what’s going to happen with viruses, so it’s definitely something we need to keep an eye on. So please do report any dead wild birds to Defra ( www.gov.uk/guidance/report-dead-wild-birds) and also on BirdTrack 🙂 In other parts of the world there are still worrying impacts on wild birds and mammals and there is always the possibility that the virus comes back in a slightly different form, so we need to stay vigilant and not get complacent and be caught off guard again.

Question: What mitigation measures can be put in place to combat these viruses Answer: So this is very difficult. Once the virus is circulating in the wild bird population there is very little that can be done. One of the main mitigation measures is collecting and disposing of carcasses. Obviously this isn’t always feasible and there are health and safety concerns, so nobody should touch sick/dead birds without the appropriate ppe (and ideally a flu jab). Carcasses also need to be disposed of properly. But the virus can stay active for quite a long time in a carcass so by removing it, you are preventing the ongoing risk to scavenging birds and mammals, and probably to conspecifics in breeding colonies etc. Vaccination is something people are interested in but there has yet to be a vaccine and a vaccination method suitable for wildlife. It would also likely only really be possible for small numbers of very endangered species e.g. California Condors. Biosecurity is very important: preventing mixing of wild birds with poultry, having stringent disinfection protocols etc, ensure sufficient testing so that transport is safe. The most important thing we can do, long term, is look after our wildlife and wild habitats better, so that they are more resilient to all the different pressures they face and something like this doesn’t push them over the edge. And to revisit our food production systems: de-industrialise meat production and stop eating so much meat in wealthy countries.

Question: So far I haven’t heard a mention cross species transference eg to seals and sea lions. When was this first observed and how much of a threat is it thought to be to these animals globally? Answer: As far as I can tell, there doesn’t seem to be a consensus on this. The scale of mortality in South American Sea Lions and Southern Elephant Seals was such that it seems to indicate that the virus was being transmitted between them. But it seems they weren’t able to identify changes in the virus that corroborate that. There is also a lot of mixing between birds and seals/sea lions at those colonies so potentially they could have been catching it from the birds. It’s certainly concerning and potentially a threat to populations of these species.

Need some help here Never sea watched for birds before. Got my binoculars 10x42 also got my Scope STM80 field guide & notebook 📒. Waterproofs.

We have ringed at Bempton with Dave. Top bloke.

Thrilled to have found this channel, thanks for sharing what you do !

Very interesting presentation, thank you

Have you been to Cape Clear in Ireland? You would love it !

Been sea watching at Flambrough for over 40 years but still learned quite a lot from the presentation, excellent work, infact I was there Monday , got Pallid swift at buckton , can’t decide spurn or Flambrough tomorrow???

That’s an excellent overview Craig and really does explain the science behind some of those seemingly ‘chance’ encounters. Whilst the weather systems are no guarantee of numbers, they can load the dice in your favour.

Nice one Craig. My very local headland is Cullernose Point, Northumberland where we are glad of your cast-offs :). I was lucky enough to get the Soft plumaged Petrel last year only 300 mtrs from my house, so thanks to the seawatchers at Flamborough!

What age do you have to be

A couple of those charts would have produced some good surf on the reefs too!🌊🏄‍♂️

Brilliant presentation of why we’re so lucky to have these sites in the UK. Thank you.

Excellent overview and analysis of weather systems - thanks!

Thank you for a really interesting and informative talk. We are almost complete novices to sea watching and your explanations of the bird movements in relation to weather systems were eye opening.

💯🎉🇬🇧

Nice video, very clear. Look forward to visiting the observatory now that lock down is (hopefully) soon over.

46 grand for a seawatching hide ??? How come ?